【摘要】 目的 探讨微环境对骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)分化的影响以及BMSCs对肝纤维化细胞(CFSC)和肝细胞增殖的作用。 方法 分离、培养大鼠原代BMSCs和肝细胞,用PKH26荧光标记BMSCs,将标记后的BMSCs与肝细胞/CFSC进行接触和非接触共培养,用抗白蛋白抗体/抗α-平滑肌抗体对BMSCs进行检测;BMSCs条件培养液与CFSC共培养,倒置显微镜下计数CFSC的细胞数量变化。 结果 BMSCs与肝细胞共培养72h,白蛋白染色均出现阳性,且接触共培养的BMSCs白蛋白染色阳性率高于非接触共培养(P<0.01)。肝细胞与BMSCs非接触共培养48h后,肝细胞的数量明显多于对照组(P<0.01)。BMSCs与CFSC共培养体系中BMSCs的形态无明显变化,且α-SMA染色未出现阳性。BMSCs条件培养液能抑制CFSC的增殖,作用时间越长,抑制作用越明显(P<0.01)。 结论 肝细胞形成的局部微环境能诱导BMSCs向肝样细胞分化,BMSCs能够促进肝细胞生长并对CFSC的增殖有明显的抑制作用。 【关键词】 干细胞; 肝细胞; 共同培养; 肝纤维化细胞
Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the proliferation of hepatocytes and cirrhotic fat-storing cells in vitro SHI Li-jun*, LI Shuang-xing, SUN Bo, WANG Jing-hua, LI Hu-lun, JIN Lian-hong. *Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China Corresponding author: LI Hu-lun, Email:lihulun@ yahoo.com.cn, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China 【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and the effects of BMSCs on the proliferation of cirrhotic fat-storing cells (CFSC) and hepatocytes in vitro. Methods BMSCs and hepatocytes were isolated and harvested from the bone marrow and livers of rats. A co-culture system was set up by transwell inserts in which the two chambers were separated by a semipermeable membrane. BMSCs labeled with PKH26 were cultured with hepatocytes/CFSC in the co-culture system and also in a cell-cell direct contact culture system. Anti-albumin and anti-smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) antibodies were tested by using fluorescence immunocytochemistry. BMSCs and hepatocytes/CFSC cultured alone served as controls. The proliferation level of hepatocytes in the co-culture system was measured. CFSC were cultured with the conditional medium of BMSCs, and their quantities were measured microscopically. Results Expression of albumin was observed in the hepatocytes of the two culture systems after they were cultured for 72 h but the albumin levels were higher in the cell-cell direct contact culture system (P < 0.01). As compared to the controls, the number of hepatocytes was larger in the co-culture system (P < 0.01). No expression of α-SMA in CFSC was observed in either culture system. The proliferation of CFSC was inhibited by the conditional medium of BMSCs. The longer the time of the co-culturing the more significant was the CFSC growth suppression (P < 0.01). Conclusions BMSCs can be induced into hepatocytes by a local micro-environment formed by hepatocytes. BMSCs may promote proliferation of hepatocytes and inhibit proliferation of CFSC. 【Key words】 Stem cells; Hepatocyte; Co-culture; Cirrhotic fat-storing cells 肝纤维化是慢性肝病共有的病理改变,干细胞生物学的兴起与发展,为肝纤维化的治疗提供了新方法。研究表明,具有多分化潜能的骨髓基质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)可向肝细胞分化或与肝细胞融合[1-3],在肝细胞的再生和修复中可能发挥重要作用。本实验观察在肝细胞或肝纤维化细胞(cirrhotic fat-storing cells,CFSC)体外不同微环境中BMSCs的分化情况,以及BMSCs对肝细胞和CFSC增殖的影响,旨在为BMSCs治疗肝纤维化提供理论基础。 材料与方法 1. 主要材料和试剂:孕18~20d纯系SD孕鼠和体重120g纯系SD大鼠由哈尔滨医科大学附属第二临床医学院动物研究所提供。DMEM培养基及优级胎牛血清购自美国Hyclone公司;Transwell insert购自美国Costor公司;大鼠CD29、CD44、CD14、CD45抗体、白蛋白抗体、α-平滑肌抗体(smooth muscle antibody, SMA)购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司;PKH26红色荧光细胞连接试剂盒购自美国Sigma公司。 2. BMSCs的分离、培养和鉴定:采用贴壁筛选法获取BMSCs,取生长均一的第3代细胞作为实验对象,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志CD29、CD44、CD14、CD45进行鉴定。 3. 大鼠原代肝细胞分离:采用机械分离法分离大鼠肝细胞,制成肝细胞悬液,调整细胞数至4×105/ml后接种于培养瓶。 4. BMSCs与肝细胞/CFSC的共培养:(1)BMSCs与肝细胞/CFSC的非接触共培养:根据孔径0.4μm的Transwell insert半透膜仅可以通过培养液而不能透过细胞的特点,在6孔板中架起Transwell insert,建立双层细胞共用培养液而不直接接触的培养体系。用红色荧光染料PKH26作为示踪剂标记BMSCs。标记后的BMSCs以浓度2×105/ml接种于下层培养板后,在上层半透膜上分别接种浓度为4×105/ml肝细胞、CFSC,设BMSCs、肝细胞和CFSC单独培养孔为对照,含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养液于37℃、体积分数5% CO2常规培养,培养72h后检测。并对肝细胞进行计数,以评估与BMSCs共培养对肝细胞增殖的影响。(2)BMSCs与肝细胞/CFSC的接触共培养:将PKH26标记的BMSCs接种于6孔板,生长至对数生长期后分别加入4×105/ml的肝细胞、CFSC,对照设定及检测方法同上。 5. 免疫细胞化学检测: 对与肝细胞/CFSC共培养的BMSCs分别进行白蛋白/α-SMA的免疫细胞化学检测。将载有细胞的载玻片用4℃丙酮固定10min,H2O2消除内源性过氧化物酶的活性,正常山羊血清封闭后,分别滴加1∶500稀释的抗α-SMA抗体、抗白蛋白抗体,第二抗体显色后倒置荧光显微镜下观察。随机抽取5个200倍视野,计数双染阳性细胞占BMSCs总数的百分比。分别用常规培养的肝细胞/CSFC作为阳性对照,BMSCs作为阴性对照。 6. BMSCs条件培养液对CFSC增殖的影响:(1)BMSCs条件培养液的制备:2×105/ml BMSCs接种于24孔板,培养24、48、72h后分别取培养液上清液,离心过滤得BMSCs条件培养液。(2) BMSCs条件培养液对CFSC增殖的影响:CFSC 4×105/ml接种24孔板,培养12h后弃去培养上清液,分别加入不同时间点的BMSCs条件培养液,培养48h后CFSC计数。并计算72h BMSCs条件培养液对CFSC增殖曲线的影响。设普通培养液培养的CFSC为对照。 7. 统计学分析:实验数据以x-±s表示, 每一点由四个平行数据得出,两组间比较采用t检验。 结 果 1. BMSCs与肝细胞的共培养:荧光显微镜下观察可见,未标记PKH26的BMSCs不发荧光,标记后的BMSCs细胞膜着色,呈现强烈的红色荧光(图1A)。与肝细胞的共培养72h后,部分细胞白蛋白免疫荧光染色出现阳性,呈现绿色荧光(与红色荧光叠加后呈现黄色,图1B,图1C),非接触及接触共培养体系中BMSCs染色阳性率分别为22.72%±2.56%和43.52%±3.43%,差异有统计学意义 (t=10.87,P<0.01),显示肝细胞可以诱导BMSCs向肝样细胞分化。单独培养的BMSCs白蛋白染色阴性,肝细胞白蛋白染色阳性。 2. BMSCs对肝细胞增殖的影响:与BMSCs非接触共培养的肝细胞与对照组相比,增殖有变快的趋势,共培养48h后,肝细胞的数量明显多于对照组(t=7.66,P<0.01),提示BMSCs有增强肝细胞增殖的能力(图2)。 3. BMSCs与CFSC的共培养:接触及非接触共培养体系中BMSCs的形态均无明显变化,且α-SMA染色未出现阳性,显示CFSC不能诱导BMSCs向成纤维样细胞分化。 4. BMSCs条件培养液对CFSC增殖的影响:(1)BMSCs条件培养液对CFSC增殖曲线的影响 72h BMSCs条件培养液培养的CFSC的生长趋势与常规培养相似,开始生长较慢,经历约24h的生长延迟期后进入对数生长期。但在相同时间点,BMSCs条件培养液培养的CFSC生长较常规培养缓慢,随着BMSCs条件培养液对CFSC作用时间的延长,其对CFSC增殖的抑制作用明显增强。BMSCs条件培养液培养CFSC 48h及72h后,CSFC数量均明显少于常规培养,t值分别为6.82和6.17,P值均<0.01,见图3。(2)不同培养时间制备的BMSCs条件培养液对CFSC增殖的影响:24h BMSCs条件培养液明显抑制CFSC的增殖,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(t=2.81,P<0.05)。48、72h BMSCs条件培养液对CFSC增殖的抑制作用更加明显,t值分别为10.64和6.17,P值均<0.01,见图4。(3)不同培养时间制备的BMSCs条件培养液对CFSC增殖抑制作用的比较:24、48、72h BMSCs条件培养液分别作用CFSC 48h后,CFSC的增殖均受到抑制,48、72h BMSCs条件培养液对CFSC增殖的抑制作用无明显区别,但均明显强于24h BMSCs条件培养液,t值分别为1.89和3.10,P值分别<0.05和<0.01,见图5。提示随着条件培养液制备时间的延长,其中抑制CFSC增殖的细胞因子等成分逐渐增多。 讨 论 BMSCs来源丰富、取材简便、容易分离纯化培养,且自体移植克服了伦理道德和免疫排斥等问题,作为细胞移植工程种子细胞是当今研究的热点。BMSCs在骨、软骨和肌腱损伤的修复方面研究比较深入,但在体外向肝细胞诱导分化的条件和机制方面刚刚起步。 干细胞分化发育的特异性是其自身特性和生存微环境联合作用的结果,其中干细胞生存微环境起着重要作用。既往研究发现,移植的骨髓基质干细胞能在局部微环境中重新编程(Reprogramming),分化成与其周围细胞生物学特性相似的细胞[4]。Ball等[5]认为BMSCs向何种细胞分化,与它接触的微环境有关。将BMSCs与血管上皮细胞共孵育,增加了血管α平滑肌肌动蛋白的表达,而将BMSCs与真皮纤维母细胞共培养则培养体系中出现大量肌纤维样细胞。我们的结果也表明BMSCs的分化具有微环境依赖性:在肝细胞生长的微环境下,BMSCs可以向肝细胞分化、促进肝细胞增殖,且与肝细胞接触共培养比较,非接触共培养更有利于BMSCs向肝细胞的分化。推测有可能存在以下原因:(1)BMSCs在肝细胞生长微环境下,分泌某种可溶性细胞因子(如肝细胞生长因子、集落刺激因子1),这些细胞因子诱导BMSCs向肝细胞分化,并促进肝细胞再生。(2)肝细胞表达某种细胞因子,促进BMSCs的分化。(3)两种细胞接触共培养体系内不但有细胞因子等细胞外分泌物质的作用,而且还存在两种细胞间的相互接触,能更为有效的增加细胞间的信号传导。 HSC的激活和增殖在肝纤维化的发生中起至关重要的作用,CFSC是从CCl4诱发的肝硬化大鼠的肝脏中分离培养而得到的永生性的细胞系,表现为活化的HSC。本实验通过细胞计数观察了BMSCs对CFSC增殖的抑制作用,说明BMSCs可以通过非直接接触抑制CFSC的增殖。有研究结果表明,BMSCs能够产生多种细胞因子调控其他细胞的增殖活性,Trim等[6]报道,BMSCs所分泌的神经生长因子能在体外诱导HSC的凋亡。赵东长等[7]认为BMSCs有抑制HSC增殖活性的潜能。CFSC生长的微环境不能诱导BMSCs向CFSC分化,机制可能与此有关。因此我们推测,BMSCs的分化潜能与微环境密切相关并且BMSCs可以抑制CFSC的增殖。另外,Gao等[8]发现BMSCs在体外培养后再移植,其归巢部位主要是肝脏和肺脏,而不是骨髓。这些现象的深入研究有可能为利用BMSCs治疗慢性肝损伤提供了实验依据。 参 考 文 献 [1]Theise ND, Badve S, Saxena R, et al. 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