【关键词】肝肿瘤; 分子靶向治疗 Current advances in molecular targeted therapy of primary hepatocellular carcinoma YU Lei, DAI Zhi, ZHOU Jian, FAN Jia. 【Key words】Liver neoplasms; Molecular targeted therapy 【First author’s address】Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China Corresponding author: ZHOU Jian, Email: zhou.jian@ zs-hospital.sh.cn 肝癌是常见的恶性疾病,起病隐匿,明确诊断时常常已到晚期,且多合并肝硬化等,丧失了手术切除肿瘤的机会,病死率高。近年来,随着对肝癌发生发展分子机制认识的不断深入,分子靶向治疗成为肝癌治疗的一个新手段。一些分子靶向药物有望在延长肿瘤无进展期、提高生存质量方面使患者获益。 根据肝癌发生发展的过程,分子靶向治疗主要集中在肿瘤血管生成、细胞黏附、基质降解、肿瘤细胞增殖四个方面。对肿瘤信号传导途径的干涉,则是分子靶向治疗的另一个思路。 1. 抗肿瘤血管生成:血管生成在肿瘤形成中的作用非常重要。没有新生血管形成,实体肿瘤生长将不能超过1~ 2. 抗肿瘤细胞间黏附力下降:肿瘤细胞黏附是肿瘤转移复发的关键步骤,也是目前分子靶向治疗的热点之一。(1)在上皮钙黏蛋白(epithelial calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins,E-cad)位点上,早在10年前有学者报道将启动子区域基因甲基化后E-cad表达显著减少,可使细胞间黏附消失,组织形态破坏,可能导致肝癌形成。近来Kanai等[12]在临床试验中用LY2109761上调E-cad阻断肝癌复发转移。(2)Wnt/β-catenin通路是肿瘤细胞黏附干预的重要靶点。Imatinib可干扰Wnt/β-catenin通路阻止肿瘤转移,在治疗纤维肉瘤的Ⅱ期临床试验中获得了较好的效果。其他的一些针对Wnt/β-catenin的靶向药物如M475271、AZD0530、Bosutinib对减少前列腺癌、乳腺癌等肿瘤的转移取得了一定效果[13-15]。在肝癌的实验性干预研究方面,Zeng等[16]用小分子RNA干扰β-catenin影响肝癌细胞的生长及存活。有学者用Celecoxib和R-Etodolac干扰肝癌细胞的分化和生存。但目前尚无针对Wnt/β-catenin的靶向药物应用于肝癌临床试验。(3)Agelastatin A是近来发现的以骨桥蛋白为靶点的抑制剂,并成功抑制了乳腺癌细胞的生长和转移,但尚未应用在肝癌的临床治疗中[17]。(4)Gefitinib是一个主要针对表皮生长因子受体的分子靶向药物,最近的研究结果表明抑制细胞黏附分子Integrin也是其抑制肝癌转移的机制之一[18]。 3. 抗基质降解:微环境改变在肿瘤转移复发过程中是不可或缺的,细胞外基质降解是其中重要一环。(1)基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)是这一环节中主要的靶点。HAb 4. 抗细胞增殖:近来有很多实验干预和分子靶向治疗都聚焦于抗细胞增殖领域。上皮细胞生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)通路、转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor beta,TGFβ)通路和肿瘤细胞周期的抑制是主要靶点。(1)在肝癌治疗中针对EGF受体(EGFR)的靶向药物主要有Cetuximab、Erlotinib和Gefitinib。Cetuximab是EGFR的单克隆抗体,曾拟用于进展期肝癌的治疗,但在Ⅱ期临床试验中被证实没有抗肿瘤作用。但最近Asnacios等[25]将Cetuximab与Gemcitabine、oxaliplatin联用体现了较好的肝癌治疗效果和可控的不良反应。Erlotinib和Gefitinib则是通过阻断酪氨酸激酶达到抑制EGFR的目的。Erlotinib在治疗不能切除的进展期肝癌中也已完成了Ⅱ期临床试验,结果表明患者能从中获得益处,但效果并不显著[26]。Huether等[27]则认为与传统药物相比,Erlotinib具有更好的抗肝癌效果。Gefitinib主要应用于非小细胞性肺癌的治疗,在肝癌领域目前尚处在临床前试验阶段。Matsuo等[28]在小鼠实验中发现Gefitinib具有很好的抑制肝癌生长和肝内转移的效果。最近,不少学者对Gefitinib抑制肝癌的机制进行了进一步研究[29]。总之,目前认为Gefitinib治疗肝癌的临床试验是值得期待的。目前在实验阶段证实对肝癌生长或转移有疗效的EGFR靶向药物还有Vandetanib、PD153035和AG1478等,但疗效尚需进一步的验证和临床试验证实[30-32]。(2)TGFβ受体是抗细胞增殖环节中的另一个靶点。LY2109761是一个较新的TGFβ受体激酶抑制剂,它能抑制肝癌细胞转移侵袭,并认为其有临床试验价值。(3)阻断细胞循环周期、诱导细胞凋亡是阻止肝癌生长的策略之一。许多抑癌基因如p53、p27、p16等就是通过抑制细胞进入细胞周期发挥作用的。这些基因中,p53最具临床应用价值。野生型p53基因可阻止细胞进入细胞周期,导致细胞凋亡。将野生型p53基因通过病毒转染的方式导入p53突变的肝癌细胞是常用的策略,可重建p53表达,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡[33]。Dl1520(E1B-deleted adenovirus)能使p53缺失或突变的肝癌细胞自溶,目前已完成Ⅰ、Ⅱ期临床试验,但效果不佳,一些学者认为更有效的中介体可能提高疗效[34]。细胞周期素依赖激酶抑制剂Flavopiridol目前已应用在肝癌细胞实验中,可对肝癌细胞生长产生抑制作用。以细胞周期素依赖激酶为靶点的抑制剂还有Roscovitine、BMS-387032、AZD5438和SU9516,目前在肝癌实验性干扰或治疗中的应用尚未有报道。 5. 关于肝癌细胞信号传导通路:在肝癌的分子靶向治疗中,另外一个思路就是阻断细胞信号传导通路。许多靶向药物的设计初衷就是干扰肿瘤细胞信号传导。与肝癌细胞生长和转移复发相关的分子通路主要有4条:Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk、PI3k/Akt/mTOR、Wnt/β-catenin和核因子-κB (NFκB)。其中Wnt/β-catenin通路在前面已述。(1) Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk通路:Ras法尼基化抑制剂(Lovastatin、PD152440)、Raf激酶抑制剂(Sorafenib、Novartis)、Mek/Erk抑制剂(PD0325901、AZD6244、PD98059、U0126、PD184161)均有报道。(2)PI3k/Akt/mTOR通路:有PI3K抑制剂(LY294002、Wortmannin)、mTOR抑制剂(Rapamycin、RAD001)。(3)NF-κB:NF-κB抑制剂有Bortezomib、MG132、PS-341。 信号通路把各个功能分子串联成线,不同通路间某些分子的交互作用(Cross-talk)等使信号传导成为一个网络。这使得分子靶向面临更复杂的局面。当通路中某个靶点被抑制,肿瘤细胞通过分子交互作用使其下游分子重新被激活,使信号绕过该靶点继续传导,从而导致癌细胞耐药。许多靶向药物效果不佳与此相关。因此,信号传导网络的存在对分子靶向治疗是一个挑战。 6. 总结:分子靶向治疗目前已经取得一些临床效果,主要获益者是不能手术治疗的晚期肝癌患者。从机制而言,外科治疗结合分子靶向治疗是相辅相成的,一些药物如Licartin结合外科治疗已使患者获益。另一方面,分子靶向治疗刚进入临床应用,即使是目前备受推崇的药物(如Sorafenib)也只是将肿瘤无进展期的基线控制在6个月内。因此,分子靶向治疗肝癌仍需基础和临床研究的不断探索。 参 考 文 献 [1]Siegel AB, Cohen EI, Ocean A, et al. 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